[
  {
    "id": "microsoft-san-antonio-deal",
    "date": "2007-01-18",
    "dateLabel": "January 18, 2007",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "local-runway",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "San Antonio approves a Microsoft data-center package",
    "summary": "San Antonio adopted a tax phase-in agreement for Microsoft before Texas had a statewide data-center exemption.",
    "actor": "San Antonio City Council and CPS Energy",
    "authority": "City ordinance and economic-development agreement",
    "vote": "Not specified in the retrieved ordinance",
    "commitment": "Approximately $550 million of investment, 75 jobs and a 44-acre site.",
    "effect": "The city offered a 100% phase-in of city ad valorem taxes on real and personal property for 10 years and recommended up to $5.2 million in CPS Energy infrastructure support.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Microsoft",
    "incentiveType": "Property-tax phase-in and utility infrastructure support",
    "amount": "100% city tax phase-in for 10 years; up to $5.2M recommended",
    "location": {
      "name": "San Antonio, Bexar County",
      "scope": "city",
      "lat": 29.4241,
      "lon": -98.4936,
      "countyFips": "48029",
      "precision": "city centroid"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "San Antonio Ordinance 2007-01-18-0074",
        "url": "https://webapp9.sanantonio.gov/FileNetArchive/%7B0F6C2F40-8795-43AC-A9EB-6F75A37BED4D%7D/%7B0F6C2F40-8795-43AC-A9EB-6F75A37BED4D%7D.pdf"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "hb1223-house",
    "date": "2013-05-09",
    "dateLabel": "May 9, 2013",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "invitation",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "The House passes the first qualified-data-center exemption",
    "summary": "HB 1223 created a temporary state sales-and-use-tax exemption for electricity and operating equipment at qualifying single-occupant data centers.",
    "actor": "Texas House of Representatives",
    "authority": "Tax Code legislation",
    "vote": "137–3; 2 present, not voting",
    "commitment": "At least 100,000 sq. ft., 20 permanent jobs and $200 million invested within five years were required to qualify.",
    "effect": "The House approved the policy architecture that would lower eligible facilities’ state-tax cost.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "State sales-tax exemption",
    "amount": "$14.6M estimated two-year state revenue loss",
    "location": {"name": "Texas Capitol", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 30.2747, "lon": -97.7404, "countyFips": "48453", "precision": "seat of government"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "HB 1223 enrolled text and certified votes", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/83R/billtext/html/HB01223F.htm"},
      {"title": "Legislative Budget Board fiscal note", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/83R/fiscalnotes/html/HB01223A.htm"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "hb1223-senate",
    "date": "2013-05-22",
    "dateLabel": "May 22, 2013",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "invitation",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "The Senate approves HB 1223 with amendments",
    "summary": "The Senate passed the data-center tax exemption and sent its amendments back to the House.",
    "actor": "Texas Senate",
    "authority": "Tax Code legislation",
    "vote": "23–8",
    "commitment": "The exemption would last 10 years at $200–249.9 million of investment and 15 years at $250 million or more.",
    "effect": "The measure cleared both chambers; the House later concurred 143–1.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "State sales-tax exemption",
    "amount": "$14.6M estimated two-year state revenue loss",
    "location": {"name": "Texas Capitol", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 30.2747, "lon": -97.7404, "countyFips": "48453", "precision": "seat of government"},
    "sources": [{"title": "HB 1223 enrolled text and certified votes", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/83R/billtext/html/HB01223F.htm"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "hb1223-signed",
    "date": "2013-06-14",
    "dateLabel": "June 14, 2013",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "invitation",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "Governor Rick Perry signs HB 1223",
    "summary": "Texas enacted the qualified-data-center exemption. The state would stop collecting sales tax on specified electricity and equipment for certified projects, while local sales taxes remained due.",
    "actor": "Governor Rick Perry",
    "authority": "Governor’s bill-signing authority",
    "vote": "House 137–3; Senate 23–8; House concurrence 143–1",
    "commitment": "Certification, investment and job thresholds were written into Tax Code §151.359.",
    "effect": "Texas created a durable cost advantage for qualifying large facilities beginning that September.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "State sales-tax exemption",
    "amount": "$14.6M estimated two-year state revenue loss",
    "location": {"name": "Texas", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31.0, "lon": -99.0, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "Texas Legislature Online bill history", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/billlookup/History.aspx?Bill=HB1223&LegSess=83R&Sort=A"},
      {"title": "Legislative Budget Board fiscal note", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/83R/fiscalnotes/html/HB01223A.htm"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "hb1223-effective",
    "date": "2013-09-01",
    "dateLabel": "September 1, 2013",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "invitation",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "The qualified-data-center exemption takes effect",
    "summary": "The Comptroller could begin certifying eligible single-occupant data centers under the new statute.",
    "actor": "Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts",
    "authority": "Tax Code §151.359 administration",
    "vote": "Enacted by HB 1223",
    "commitment": "Registration numbers could be revoked and back taxes assessed if a project failed the statutory tests.",
    "effect": "The invitation moved from legislation into an administered tax program.",
    "verification": "effective",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "State sales-tax exemption",
    "amount": "6.25% state sales tax on eligible purchases",
    "location": {"name": "Texas", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31.0, "lon": -99.0, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Texas Comptroller qualified data centers", "url": "https://comptroller.texas.gov/taxes/data-centers/index.php"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "microsoft-san-antonio",
    "date": "2014-02-01",
    "dateLabel": "February 2014",
    "datePrecision": "month",
    "chapter": "invitation",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Microsoft files plans for a San Antonio data center",
    "summary": "A state industry snapshot recorded plans for an $80 million facility, showing project activity following the 2013 incentive law.",
    "actor": "Microsoft",
    "authority": "Corporate project filing",
    "vote": "Not a legislative vote",
    "commitment": "$80 million planned investment; completion was projected for 2015.",
    "effect": "One early post-law project appeared in the San Antonio market.",
    "verification": "reported-primary",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Microsoft",
    "incentiveType": "Project milestone",
    "amount": "$80M planned",
    "location": {"name": "San Antonio", "scope": "city", "lat": 29.4241, "lon": -98.4936, "countyFips": "48029", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Office of the Governor data-center industry snapshot", "url": "https://gov.texas.gov/uploads/files/business/datacenters-snapshot.pdf"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "data-foundry-houston",
    "date": "2014-04-01",
    "dateLabel": "April 2014",
    "datePrecision": "month",
    "chapter": "invitation",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Data Foundry announces a Houston facility",
    "summary": "The Austin-based operator announced a 350,000-square-foot data center in Houston.",
    "actor": "Data Foundry",
    "authority": "Corporate project announcement",
    "vote": "Not a legislative vote",
    "commitment": "$35 million planned investment and a mid-2015 target.",
    "effect": "Development spread beyond the Dallas–Fort Worth cluster in the state’s own project inventory.",
    "verification": "reported-primary",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Data Foundry",
    "incentiveType": "Project milestone",
    "amount": "$35M planned",
    "location": {"name": "Houston", "scope": "city", "lat": 29.7604, "lon": -95.3698, "countyFips": "48201", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Office of the Governor data-center industry snapshot", "url": "https://gov.texas.gov/uploads/files/business/datacenters-snapshot.pdf"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "patronus-frisco",
    "date": "2014-07-01",
    "dateLabel": "July 2014",
    "datePrecision": "month",
    "chapter": "invitation",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Patronus plans a four-building Frisco campus",
    "summary": "The state’s industry snapshot listed a proposed four-building campus on 35 acres.",
    "actor": "Patronus Data Centers",
    "authority": "Corporate project announcement",
    "vote": "Not a legislative vote",
    "commitment": "More than $250 million in planned investment.",
    "effect": "The project joined a growing North Texas development cluster.",
    "verification": "reported-primary",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Patronus Data Centers",
    "incentiveType": "Project milestone",
    "amount": ">$250M planned",
    "location": {"name": "Frisco", "scope": "city", "lat": 33.1507, "lon": -96.8236, "countyFips": "48085", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Office of the Governor data-center industry snapshot", "url": "https://gov.texas.gov/uploads/files/business/datacenters-snapshot.pdf"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "hb2712-house",
    "date": "2015-05-12",
    "dateLabel": "May 12, 2015",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "deals",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "The House votes to add a larger, longer exemption",
    "summary": "HB 2712 proposed a 20-year state-and-local sales-tax exemption for qualifying large data-center projects.",
    "actor": "Texas House of Representatives",
    "authority": "Tax Code legislation",
    "vote": "114–26; 3 present, not voting",
    "commitment": "At least 250,000 sq. ft., 40 jobs, $500 million invested in five years and a 20 MW power contract.",
    "effect": "The House approved a new tier aimed at much larger projects.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "State and local sales-tax exemption",
    "amount": "20-year exemption for qualifying projects",
    "location": {"name": "Texas Capitol", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 30.2747, "lon": -97.7404, "countyFips": "48453", "precision": "seat of government"},
    "sources": [{"title": "HB 2712 enrolled text and certified votes", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/84R/billtext/html/HB02712F.htm"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "fort-worth-winner-deal",
    "date": "2015-05-19",
    "dateLabel": "May 19, 2015",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "deals",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "Fort Worth approves the Winner LLC / Facebook deal",
    "summary": "The City Council created a 110-acre reinvestment zone and approved a property-tax abatement tied to the planned Facebook campus.",
    "actor": "Fort Worth City Council",
    "authority": "Texas Tax Code Chapter 312; Ordinance 21757-05-2015; contract 46727",
    "vote": "Council action recorded; member tally not transcribed in this release",
    "commitment": "At least $250 million in construction and equipment; the city agreed to abate 10% of incremental real- and business-personal-property tax.",
    "effect": "A state-created incentive environment was paired with a project-specific local abatement.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Meta / Facebook / Winner LLC",
    "incentiveType": "Chapter 312 property-tax abatement",
    "amount": "10% of incremental city ad valorem tax",
    "location": {"name": "Fort Worth", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.8917, "lon": -97.3114, "countyFips": "48439", "precision": "project area"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "Fort Worth council record", "url": "https://apps.fortworthtexas.gov/council_packet/mc_review.asp?ID=22971&councildate=10%2F18%2F2016"},
      {"title": "Fort Worth internal audit of Winner LLC agreement", "url": "https://www.fortworthtexas.gov/files/assets/public/v/2/internal-audit/documents/fy2019/2018-10-05-property-tax-abatement-winner-llc.pdf"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "hb2712-senate",
    "date": "2015-05-25",
    "dateLabel": "May 25, 2015",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "deals",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "The Senate passes the large-project exemption",
    "summary": "Senators approved HB 2712 with amendments; the House concurred two days later, 130–11.",
    "actor": "Texas Senate",
    "authority": "Tax Code legislation",
    "vote": "23–8",
    "commitment": "Qualifying large projects would receive 20 years of state and local sales-tax relief on eligible purchases.",
    "effect": "The larger exemption cleared the Legislature.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "State and local sales-tax exemption",
    "amount": "20-year exemption for qualifying projects",
    "location": {"name": "Texas Capitol", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 30.2747, "lon": -97.7404, "countyFips": "48453", "precision": "seat of government"},
    "sources": [{"title": "HB 2712 enrolled text and certified votes", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/84R/billtext/html/HB02712F.htm"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "hb2712-signed",
    "date": "2015-06-10",
    "dateLabel": "June 10, 2015",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "deals",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "Governor Greg Abbott signs HB 2712",
    "summary": "Texas added the qualifying-large-data-center category and extended eligible relief to local sales taxes.",
    "actor": "Governor Greg Abbott",
    "authority": "Governor’s bill-signing authority",
    "vote": "House 114–26; Senate 23–8; House concurrence 130–11",
    "commitment": "The exemption expires on the 20th anniversary of certification.",
    "effect": "Texas widened the incentive runway for half-billion-dollar campuses.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "State and local sales-tax exemption",
    "amount": "20-year exemption for qualifying projects",
    "location": {"name": "Texas", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31.0, "lon": -99.0, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "Texas Legislature Online bill history", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/billlookup/History.aspx?Bill=HB2712&LegSess=84R"},
      {"title": "Legislative Budget Board fiscal note", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/84R/fiscalnotes/html/HB02712F.htm"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "facebook-fort-worth-groundbreaking",
    "date": "2015-07-07",
    "dateLabel": "July 7, 2015",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "deals",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Facebook breaks ground in Fort Worth",
    "summary": "The project moved from tax agreement to construction less than two months after the city’s abatement vote.",
    "actor": "Facebook and Governor Greg Abbott",
    "authority": "Corporate development and ceremonial state support",
    "vote": "Local agreement approved May 19",
    "commitment": "More than $500 million in five years, at least 40 operating jobs and 200 MW of wind energy.",
    "effect": "The Fort Worth site became a visible proof point for the state-and-local recruitment model.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Meta / Facebook",
    "incentiveType": "Project milestone",
    "amount": ">$500M projected in five years",
    "location": {"name": "Fort Worth", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.8917, "lon": -97.3114, "countyFips": "48439", "precision": "project area"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Office of the Governor groundbreaking release", "url": "https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor_abbott_breaks_ground_on_new_facebook_data_center"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "midlothian-sharka-zone",
    "date": "2018-05-22",
    "dateLabel": "May 22, 2018",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "deals",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "Midlothian creates a reinvestment zone for Sharka LLC",
    "summary": "The council created a 375.68-acre technology reinvestment zone and authorized a tax-abatement agreement later associated with Google’s first Texas data center.",
    "actor": "Midlothian City Council",
    "authority": "Texas Tax Code Chapter 312",
    "vote": "7–0",
    "commitment": "City and county records describe 85% real-property and 100% eligible personal-property abatements; the project was required to maintain at least 40 jobs.",
    "effect": "A local tax package preceded Google’s $600 million Midlothian buildout.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Google / Sharka LLC",
    "incentiveType": "Chapter 312 property-tax abatement",
    "amount": "85% real property; 100% eligible personal property",
    "location": {"name": "Midlothian", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.4824, "lon": -96.9944, "countyFips": "48139", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "Midlothian City Council minutes", "url": "https://www.midlothian.tx.us/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/4797"},
      {"title": "Midlothian Economic Development annual report", "url": "https://midlothian-tx.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/MED-2023-24-Annual-Report-digital.pdf"},
      {"title": "Ellis County 2024 annual financial report", "url": "https://www.elliscountytx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/20250/Annual-Comprehensive-Financial-Report-2024-1"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "google-midlothian-groundbreaking",
    "date": "2019-06-14",
    "dateLabel": "June 14, 2019",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "deals",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Google breaks ground in Midlothian",
    "summary": "Google publicly identified the project and began construction on its first Texas data center.",
    "actor": "Google",
    "authority": "Corporate capital investment",
    "vote": "Local reinvestment-zone vote: 7–0",
    "commitment": "$600 million in development and a $100,000 STEM grant to Midlothian ISD.",
    "effect": "The previously code-named deal became a named hyperscale project.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-company",
    "company": "Google",
    "incentiveType": "Project milestone",
    "amount": "$600M announced",
    "location": {"name": "Midlothian", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.4754, "lon": -97.0104, "countyFips": "48139", "precision": "Google-reported city coordinate"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Google Midlothian announcement", "url": "https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/company-announcements/texas-expansion-more-office-space-and-data-center/"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "meta-fort-worth-expansion",
    "date": "2020-12-08",
    "dateLabel": "December 8, 2020",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Meta adds another 170,000 square feet in Fort Worth",
    "summary": "Continuous construction expanded the campus to more than 2.6 million square feet.",
    "actor": "Facebook / Meta",
    "authority": "Corporate expansion",
    "vote": "Not a new legislative vote",
    "commitment": "The completed campus was projected to represent more than $1.5 billion in investment.",
    "effect": "The original project did not stop at its first building; it compounded into a multi-building campus.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-company",
    "company": "Meta / Facebook",
    "incentiveType": "Expansion",
    "amount": ">$1.5B campus investment reported",
    "location": {"name": "Fort Worth", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.8917, "lon": -97.3114, "countyFips": "48439", "precision": "project area"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Meta Fort Worth expansion announcement", "url": "https://datacenters.atmeta.com/2020/12/expanding-facebooks-fort-worth-data-center-by-approximately-170000-square-feet/"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "abilene-lancium-partnership",
    "date": "2021-12-21",
    "dateLabel": "December 21, 2021",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "Abilene and Taylor County announce a Lancium partnership",
    "summary": "Local governments and the Development Corporation of Abilene announced a data-center campus pending final negotiations.",
    "actor": "City of Abilene, Taylor County and DCOA",
    "authority": "Local economic-development and tax-abatement powers",
    "vote": "Approvals announced; individual roll calls not transcribed in this release",
    "commitment": "$2.4 billion planned, beginning at 200 MW with expansion capacity above 1 GW.",
    "effect": "West Texas entered the hyperscale development map through a public–private recruitment package.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Lancium",
    "incentiveType": "Local development partnership",
    "amount": "$2.4B planned",
    "location": {"name": "Abilene", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.4487, "lon": -99.7331, "countyFips": "48441", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "City and DCOA Lancium announcement", "url": "https://abilenetx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/16123/DCOA-Lancium-news-release"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "meta-temple",
    "date": "2022-03-31",
    "dateLabel": "March 31, 2022",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Meta announces its Temple data center",
    "summary": "Meta selected a 393-acre Temple site for its second Texas data center and named a coalition of city, county, college and economic-development partners.",
    "actor": "Meta",
    "authority": "Corporate capital investment with local development agreements",
    "vote": "Underlying agreement votes require document-level transcription",
    "commitment": "More than $800 million, nearly 900,000 sq. ft., about 100 operating jobs and 1,200 construction workers at peak.",
    "effect": "The state’s project footprint expanded into Bell County.",
    "verification": "verified-project; deal-terms-limited",
    "sourceClass": "primary-company",
    "company": "Meta",
    "incentiveType": "Project milestone; local agreements acknowledged",
    "amount": ">$800M announced",
    "location": {"name": "Temple", "scope": "city", "lat": 31.0982, "lon": -97.3428, "countyFips": "48027", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "Meta Temple announcement", "url": "https://datacenters.atmeta.com/2022/03/hello-temple/"},
      {"title": "City of Temple FY2023 adopted budget", "url": "https://www.templetx.gov/Finance/Adopted%20Budget/2023%20ADOPTED%20Budget%20DO%20NOT%20USE.pdf?t=202507141404260"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "switch-round-rock-agreement",
    "date": "2022-12-15",
    "dateLabel": "December 15, 2022",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "local-runway",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "Round Rock executes a Chapter 380 agreement with Switch",
    "summary": "Round Rock tied performance-based payments to city tax receipts for Switch’s planned data-center campus.",
    "actor": "City of Round Rock",
    "authority": "Local Government Code Chapter 380 agreement",
    "vote": "Not specified in the retrieved executed agreement",
    "commitment": "At least 150,000 square feet, approximately $250 million of anticipated investment and at least 15 jobs on 118.41 acres.",
    "effect": "The city layered a local, performance-based incentive onto a project already eligible to pursue state tax treatment.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Switch",
    "incentiveType": "Chapter 380 performance payments",
    "amount": "Maximum public value not specified in the retrieved agreement",
    "location": {"name": "Round Rock, Williamson County", "scope": "city", "lat": 30.5083, "lon": -97.6789, "countyFips": "48491", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Executed Switch Chapter 380 agreement", "url": "https://www.roundrocktexas.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Switch-Agreement-Fully-Executed-1.pdf"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "ercot-interim-large-load-process",
    "date": "2022-12-22",
    "dateLabel": "December 22, 2022",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "grid",
    "title": "ERCOT documents an interim process for large-load connections",
    "summary": "ERCOT’s system-constraints report described an interim interconnection process created as data centers and cryptocurrency facilities drove a new class of very large requests.",
    "actor": "ERCOT",
    "authority": "ERCOT transmission-planning process",
    "vote": "Administrative process; no legislative vote",
    "commitment": "Large projects would receive added review before the grid committed to serve them.",
    "effect": "Grid planning began adapting to the load class that incentives and local approvals had helped attract.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Grid interconnection process",
    "amount": "Megawatt requests, not project counts",
    "location": {"name": "ERCOT region", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31.0, "lon": -99.0, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide system"},
    "sources": [{"title": "ERCOT 2022 system constraints and needs report", "url": "https://www.ercot.com/files/docs/2022/12/22/2022_Report_on_Existing_and_Potential_Electric_System_Constraints_and_Needs.pdf"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "google-red-oak",
    "date": "2023-01-01",
    "dateLabel": "2023",
    "datePrecision": "year",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Google announces a second Texas data-center location in Red Oak",
    "summary": "Google added Red Oak to its Ellis County footprint after opening in nearby Midlothian.",
    "actor": "Google",
    "authority": "Corporate project announcement",
    "vote": "Project announcement; local deal vote not transcribed here",
    "commitment": "A second Texas data-center location in Ellis County.",
    "effect": "One county became home to two Google data-center locations.",
    "verification": "verified-year",
    "sourceClass": "primary-company",
    "company": "Google",
    "incentiveType": "Project milestone",
    "amount": "Not stated in the reviewed primary source",
    "location": {"name": "Red Oak", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.5176, "lon": -96.8044, "countyFips": "48139", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Google Texas data-center milestones", "url": "https://datacenters.google/locations/texas/"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "hb3104-stalls",
    "date": "2023-05-28",
    "dateLabel": "May 28, 2023",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "A proposed connected-data-center exemption stops short",
    "summary": "The House adopted a conference report on HB 3104, but the official history records no later Senate adoption or governor action.",
    "actor": "Texas Legislature",
    "authority": "Proposed Tax Code legislation",
    "vote": "House record vote available; bill not enacted",
    "commitment": "The proposal would have added a temporary exemption for connected data-center projects.",
    "effect": "Not every proposed expansion became law; this event is included to avoid implying an uninterrupted policy path.",
    "verification": "not-enacted",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Proposed sales-tax exemption",
    "amount": "No enacted fiscal effect",
    "location": {"name": "Texas Capitol", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 30.2747, "lon": -97.7404, "countyFips": "48453", "precision": "seat of government"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Texas Legislature Online HB 3104 history", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/billlookup/History.aspx?Bill=HB3104&LegSess=88R"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "compass-red-oak-approval",
    "date": "2023-07-10",
    "dateLabel": "July 10, 2023",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "local-runway",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "Red Oak annexes land and records a Compass abatement",
    "summary": "The City Council annexed 387.109 acres associated with the development area; the same meeting record documented a tax-abatement agreement with Compass Datacenters DFW LLC.",
    "actor": "Red Oak City Council",
    "authority": "Municipal annexation and Chapter 312 tax-abatement authority",
    "vote": "Annexation 4–0; item-specific abatement tally not specified",
    "commitment": "Abatement percentage, duration and estimated public value were not specified in the retrieved record.",
    "effect": "Land-use and tax decisions cleared part of the local path for a large data-center campus.",
    "verification": "verified-with-unspecified-terms",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Compass Datacenters",
    "incentiveType": "Annexation and property-tax abatement",
    "amount": "Terms not specified in retrieved record",
    "location": {"name": "Red Oak, Ellis County", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.5176, "lon": -96.8044, "countyFips": "48139", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Red Oak July 10, 2023 meeting record", "url": "https://www.redoaktx.org/Archive.aspx"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "wurldwide-el-paso-380",
    "date": "2023-12-04",
    "dateLabel": "December 4, 2023",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "local-runway",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "El Paso approves a long-horizon Wurldwide agreement",
    "summary": "El Paso approved a Chapter 380 agreement for Wurldwide LLC, the project entity later publicly linked to Meta’s El Paso campus.",
    "actor": "El Paso City Council",
    "authority": "Local Government Code Chapter 380 agreement",
    "vote": "7–0; one member absent",
    "commitment": "At least $800 million per qualifying phase and 50 jobs across a 1,038.948-acre campus.",
    "effect": "The agreement promised an 80% city property-tax grant for 15 years beginning in the twelfth year after each qualifying phase.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Wurldwide LLC / Meta",
    "incentiveType": "Chapter 380 property-tax grant",
    "amount": "80% for 15 years after qualification; total realized value unknown",
    "location": {"name": "El Paso, El Paso County", "scope": "city", "lat": 31.7619, "lon": -106.485, "countyFips": "48141", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "El Paso City Council minutes, December 4, 2023", "url": "https://elpasotexas.legistar.com/View.ashx?GUID=AE0D46C6-54D1-491C-8D34-423D9CAFF13E&ID=1140387&M=M"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "crusoe-abilene",
    "date": "2024-07-18",
    "dateLabel": "July 18, 2024",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Crusoe begins a 200 MW AI data center at Lancium’s Abilene campus",
    "summary": "The project repurposed the campus toward high-density AI computing, with a planned path to 1.2 GW.",
    "actor": "Crusoe and Lancium",
    "authority": "Corporate development on locally supported campus",
    "vote": "Not a new legislative vote",
    "commitment": "Initial 200 MW phase; expansion plan to 1.2 GW; multibillion-dollar investment described by the companies.",
    "effect": "The Abilene campus moved from an announced compute site to an AI-scale buildout.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-company",
    "company": "Crusoe / Lancium",
    "incentiveType": "Project milestone",
    "amount": "200 MW initial; 1.2 GW planned",
    "location": {"name": "Abilene", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.4487, "lon": -99.7331, "countyFips": "48441", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Crusoe and Lancium project announcement", "url": "https://lancium.com/2024/07/18/crusoe-lancium-clean-campus/"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "stargate-announced",
    "date": "2025-01-21",
    "dateLabel": "January 21, 2025",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "OpenAI and SoftBank announce Stargate, starting in Texas",
    "summary": "The partners announced a national AI-infrastructure venture with buildout already underway in Texas; Abilene became the flagship site.",
    "actor": "OpenAI, SoftBank, Oracle and partners",
    "authority": "Private investment announcement",
    "vote": "Not a legislative vote",
    "commitment": "$500 billion intended over four years across the United States, with $100 billion to begin deployment immediately.",
    "effect": "A locally recruited Abilene campus became the first physical anchor of a national AI-infrastructure program.",
    "verification": "verified-announcement",
    "sourceClass": "primary-company",
    "company": "OpenAI / SoftBank / Oracle / Crusoe / Lancium",
    "incentiveType": "Project milestone",
    "amount": "$500B national intention; Texas share not isolated",
    "location": {"name": "Abilene", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.4487, "lon": -99.7331, "countyFips": "48441", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "OpenAI Stargate announcement", "url": "https://openai.com/index/announcing-the-stargate-project/"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "comptroller-exemption-estimate",
    "date": "2025-02-01",
    "dateLabel": "February 2025",
    "datePrecision": "month",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "consequences",
    "title": "The Comptroller’s report puts the FY2027 exclusion at $1.598 billion",
    "summary": "Texas’s tax-expenditure report estimated the value of the limited sales-and-use-tax exclusion for property used in data centers for fiscal 2027.",
    "actor": "Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts",
    "authority": "State tax-expenditure reporting",
    "vote": "Administrative estimate; no vote",
    "commitment": "The report measures foregone revenue, not a cash grant and not a project-by-project subsidy ledger.",
    "effect": "The state-level fiscal scale was no longer measured in the tens of millions used in the 2013 fiscal note.",
    "verification": "verified-estimate",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "State tax expenditure",
    "amount": "$1.598B estimated for FY2027",
    "location": {"name": "Texas", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31.0, "lon": -99.0, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Texas Tax Exemptions & Tax Incidence 2025", "url": "https://comptroller.texas.gov/transparency/reports/tax-exemptions-and-incidence/2025/96-463.pdf"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "abilene-second-zone",
    "date": "2025-02-13",
    "dateLabel": "February 13, 2025",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "Abilene considers a second 940.89-acre Lancium reinvestment zone",
    "summary": "The city advanced a second reinvestment zone and amended agreements as the campus acquired more land.",
    "actor": "Abilene City Council",
    "authority": "Texas Tax Code Chapter 312",
    "vote": "Council action referenced; roll call not transcribed in this release",
    "commitment": "The zone would allow amended tax-abatement agreements to cover newly acquired land.",
    "effect": "Local incentive geography expanded with the physical campus.",
    "verification": "verified-agenda",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Lancium and affiliates",
    "incentiveType": "Reinvestment zone and tax-abatement amendment",
    "amount": "940.89 acres",
    "location": {"name": "Abilene", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.4487, "lon": -99.7331, "countyFips": "48441", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "City of Abilene meeting brief", "url": "https://www.abilenetx.gov/CivicSend/ViewMessage/Message/252703"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "sb6-senate",
    "date": "2025-03-19",
    "dateLabel": "March 19, 2025",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "The Senate unanimously passes a large-load interconnection bill",
    "summary": "SB 6 directed the PUC and ERCOT to create uniform standards, financial commitments and demand-management rules for very large electric loads.",
    "actor": "Texas Senate",
    "authority": "Utilities Code legislation",
    "vote": "31–0",
    "commitment": "At least a $100,000 screening-study fee, site-control proof and uniform financial commitments for covered large loads.",
    "effect": "The Legislature began shifting from recruitment toward assigning connection risk and cost.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Large-load regulation",
    "amount": "$100K minimum initial screening fee",
    "location": {"name": "Texas Capitol", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 30.2747, "lon": -97.7404, "countyFips": "48453", "precision": "seat of government"},
    "sources": [{"title": "SB 6 enrolled text and certified votes", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB00006F.htm"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "ercot-2030-load-forecast",
    "date": "2025-04-07",
    "dateLabel": "April 7, 2025",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "grid",
    "title": "ERCOT’s 2030 data-center forecast jumps by 48.4 GW",
    "summary": "ERCOT’s transmission-service-provider forecast raised projected 2030 data-center load from 29,614 MW in the preceding forecast to 77,965 MW.",
    "actor": "ERCOT and transmission service providers",
    "authority": "Long-term system planning forecast",
    "vote": "Planning forecast; no vote",
    "commitment": "Use the updated forecast in system-planning work while continuing to refine project probabilities.",
    "effect": "Data centers became the dominant category in ERCOT’s projected load growth; the forecast is not a guarantee that every project will connect.",
    "verification": "verified-forecast",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Grid planning forecast",
    "amount": "77,965 MW forecast for 2030; 29,614 MW in preceding forecast",
    "location": {"name": "ERCOT region", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31, "lon": -99, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide system"},
    "sources": [{"title": "ERCOT 2025–2031 long-term load forecast update", "url": "https://www.ercot.com/files/docs/2025/04/07/8.1-Long-Term-Load-Forecast-Update-2025-2031-and-Methodology-Changes.pdf"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "sb6-house",
    "date": "2025-05-27",
    "dateLabel": "May 27, 2025",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "The House passes SB 6 with amendments",
    "summary": "The House approved large-load connection standards, curtailment mechanisms and a review of transmission-cost allocation.",
    "actor": "Texas House of Representatives",
    "authority": "Utilities Code legislation",
    "vote": "103–25; 2 present, not voting",
    "commitment": "Covered loads could be directed to curtail or deploy backup generation during emergencies.",
    "effect": "A broad majority approved a new regulatory layer for the boom’s electric demand.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Large-load regulation",
    "amount": "75 MW demand-management threshold",
    "location": {"name": "Texas Capitol", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 30.2747, "lon": -97.7404, "countyFips": "48453", "precision": "seat of government"},
    "sources": [{"title": "SB 6 enrolled text and certified votes", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/SB00006F.htm"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "sb6-signed",
    "date": "2025-06-20",
    "dateLabel": "June 20, 2025",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "Governor Abbott signs SB 6; it takes effect immediately",
    "summary": "Texas enacted large-load interconnection, financial-commitment and emergency-curtailment requirements.",
    "actor": "Governor Greg Abbott",
    "authority": "Governor’s bill-signing authority",
    "vote": "Senate 31–0; House 103–25; Senate concurrence 31–0",
    "commitment": "PUC rule changes on wholesale transmission-cost assignment are due by December 31, 2026.",
    "effect": "The state put enforceable connection rules behind what had begun as an interim ERCOT process.",
    "verification": "effective",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Large-load regulation",
    "amount": "$2.64M estimated two-year state implementation cost",
    "location": {"name": "Texas", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31.0, "lon": -99.0, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "Texas Legislature Online SB 6 history", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/billlookup/History.aspx?Bill=SB6&LegSess=89R"},
      {"title": "Legislative Budget Board fiscal note", "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/fiscalnotes/html/SB00006F.htm"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "puct-58317-workshop",
    "date": "2025-07-21",
    "dateLabel": "July 21, 2025",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "grid",
    "title": "PUC opens the SB 6 implementation workshop",
    "summary": "The commission convened stakeholders in Project 58317 to begin translating SB 6 into large-load reliability and cost-allocation rules.",
    "actor": "Public Utility Commission of Texas",
    "authority": "Administrative implementation of SB 6",
    "vote": "Workshop; no legislative vote",
    "commitment": "Develop formal requirements for forecasting, interconnection, financial security and load management.",
    "effect": "The state moved from an interim grid process toward permanent rules for very large loads.",
    "verification": "verified-proceeding",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Utility rulemaking",
    "amount": "Administrative proceeding; no fiscal amount",
    "location": {"name": "Austin, Travis County", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 30.2672, "lon": -97.7431, "countyFips": "48453", "precision": "agency seat"},
    "sources": [{"title": "PUC Project 58317 filings", "url": "https://interchange.puc.texas.gov/search/filings/?ControlNumber=58317"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "stargate-running",
    "date": "2025-07-22",
    "dateLabel": "July 22, 2025",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Parts of Stargate I are running in Abilene",
    "summary": "OpenAI reported early training and inference workloads running after Oracle began delivering GB200 racks in June.",
    "actor": "OpenAI and Oracle",
    "authority": "Corporate operations",
    "vote": "Not a legislative vote",
    "commitment": "The partners announced another 4.5 GW of U.S. capacity; the Texas share was not isolated in that announcement.",
    "effect": "The locally supported Abilene project moved from construction into live compute operations.",
    "verification": "verified-company-report",
    "sourceClass": "primary-company",
    "company": "OpenAI / Oracle",
    "incentiveType": "Operations milestone",
    "amount": "Parts of site online; 4.5 GW U.S. expansion announced",
    "location": {"name": "Abilene", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.4487, "lon": -99.7331, "countyFips": "48441", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "OpenAI Stargate capacity update", "url": "https://openai.com/index/stargate-advances-with-partnership-with-oracle/"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "abilene-eight-site-abatements",
    "date": "2025-08-28",
    "dateLabel": "August 28, 2025",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "Abilene restructures abatements across eight sites",
    "summary": "The city considered new and amended agreements after leases for eight Lancium sites were finalized.",
    "actor": "Abilene City Council",
    "authority": "Texas Tax Code Chapter 312",
    "vote": "Council action documented; roll call not transcribed in this release",
    "commitment": "85% abatement on new improvements, repairs and tangible personal property for 10 years, with two consecutive abatements available per site.",
    "effect": "The local incentive package was modularized to follow phased construction across the growing campus.",
    "verification": "verified-agenda-and-executed-documents",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Lancium and Abilene DC affiliates",
    "incentiveType": "Chapter 312 property-tax abatements",
    "amount": "85% for 10 years; two consecutive abatements per site",
    "location": {"name": "Abilene", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.4487, "lon": -99.7331, "countyFips": "48441", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "City of Abilene meeting brief", "url": "https://www.abilenetx.gov/CivicSend/ViewMessage/message/268849"},
      {"title": "City of Abilene executed tax-abatement library", "url": "https://abilenetx.gov/2476/Tax-Abatements"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "college-station-rejects-land-sale",
    "date": "2025-09-11",
    "dateLabel": "September 11, 2025",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "resistance",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "College Station rejects a data-center land sale after public opposition",
    "summary": "Hundreds packed City Hall, more than 75 people registered to speak and a petition with 5,047 signatures was delivered before the council rejected the proposed Midtown Business Park sale.",
    "actor": "College Station City Council",
    "authority": "Disposition of city-owned land",
    "vote": "Unanimous rejection; member tally not specified in the retrieved report",
    "commitment": "Do not sell up to 200 acres of city land for the proposed data-center project.",
    "effect": "This is the earliest verified local-resistance milestone located in this review of the current siting wave; it begins the source-bounded jurisdiction count at one.",
    "verification": "verified-local-report-and-official-meeting-date",
    "sourceClass": "local-report-and-primary-government",
    "company": "Priority Power Management",
    "incentiveType": "Public land disposition rejected",
    "amount": "5,047 petition signatures; land sale rejected",
    "location": {"name": "College Station", "scope": "city", "lat": 30.62798, "lon": -96.33441, "countyFips": "48041", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "KBTX report on the College Station vote", "url": "https://www.kbtx.com/2025/09/12/college-station-city-council-unanimously-rejects-land-sale-ai-data-center/"},
      {"title": "City of College Station meeting page", "url": "https://www.cstx.gov/news/posts/live-from-city-hall-thursdays-city-council-meeting-sept-11/"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "stargate-texas-expansion",
    "date": "2025-09-23",
    "dateLabel": "September 23, 2025",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Stargate adds Shackelford and Milam County sites",
    "summary": "OpenAI announced new Texas locations plus a potential 600 MW expansion near Abilene.",
    "actor": "OpenAI, Oracle and SoftBank partners",
    "authority": "Corporate site selection",
    "vote": "Local approvals not included in the company announcement",
    "commitment": "The broader five-site package and Abilene expansion could deliver more than 5.5 GW; site-level Texas allocations were not fully separated.",
    "effect": "The flagship campus became a multi-county Texas network.",
    "verification": "verified-announcement",
    "sourceClass": "primary-company",
    "company": "OpenAI / Oracle / SoftBank / SB Energy",
    "incentiveType": "Project expansion",
    "amount": ">5.5 GW combined package; Texas share partly specified",
    "location": {"name": "Shackelford County", "scope": "county", "lat": 32.7436, "lon": -99.3540, "countyFips": "48417", "precision": "county centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "OpenAI five-site Stargate announcement", "url": "https://openai.com/index/five-new-stargate-sites/"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "meta-el-paso",
    "date": "2025-10-15",
    "dateLabel": "October 15, 2025",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Meta breaks ground on an AI-optimized El Paso campus",
    "summary": "Meta announced its third Texas data-center location, designed to scale to 1 GW.",
    "actor": "Meta",
    "authority": "Corporate capital investment and utility agreement",
    "vote": "Local incentive votes not transcribed in this release",
    "commitment": "Initial phase above $1.5 billion, about 100 operating jobs and 1,800 construction workers at peak; Meta said it paid for new connection infrastructure.",
    "effect": "The map expanded to far West Texas with a project designed around AI load density.",
    "verification": "verified-company-report",
    "sourceClass": "primary-company",
    "company": "Meta",
    "incentiveType": "Project and grid connection",
    "amount": ">$1.5B initial phase; 1 GW scale target",
    "location": {"name": "El Paso", "scope": "city", "lat": 31.7619, "lon": -106.4850, "countyFips": "48141", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Meta El Paso announcement and updates", "url": "https://about.fb.com/news/2025/10/metas-new-ai-optimized-data-center-el-paso/"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "google-40b-texas",
    "date": "2025-11-14",
    "dateLabel": "November 14, 2025",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Google announces $40 billion for Texas cloud and AI infrastructure",
    "summary": "Google said the investment would include three new data-center campuses; its current Texas page identifies Armstrong, Haskell, Pampa and Wilbarger County developments across the broader program.",
    "actor": "Google and Governor Greg Abbott",
    "authority": "Corporate capital investment and state economic-development promotion",
    "vote": "Not a legislative vote",
    "commitment": "$40 billion in Texas through 2027, plus workforce and energy-capacity programs.",
    "effect": "The project geography expanded from Ellis County into the Panhandle and West Texas.",
    "verification": "verified-announcement",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Google",
    "incentiveType": "Project expansion",
    "amount": "$40B statewide through 2027",
    "location": {"name": "Armstrong County", "scope": "county", "lat": 34.9642, "lon": -101.3563, "countyFips": "48011", "precision": "county centroid"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "Office of the Governor Google investment announcement", "url": "https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor-abbott-google-announce-40-billion-investment-in-texas"},
      {"title": "Google Texas data-center locations", "url": "https://datacenters.google/locations/texas/"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "sid-miller-farmland-warning",
    "date": "2026-01-12",
    "dateLabel": "January 12, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "resistance",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "Agriculture Commissioner Sid Miller warns against data-center expansion on farm and ranchland",
    "summary": "Miller proposed federal or state Agriculture Freedom Zones that would use incentives to steer data centers away from prime agricultural land.",
    "actor": "Texas Agriculture Commissioner Sid Miller",
    "authority": "Statewide elected official's policy proposal",
    "vote": "Policy proposal; not enacted legislation",
    "commitment": "Seek designated development zones and protections for agricultural land, water and rural communities.",
    "effect": "This is the earliest contrary statement located in this review from a statewide elected Texas official after Abbott's November promotion of the industry.",
    "verification": "verified-official-statement; proposal-only",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Proposed siting policy",
    "amount": "No enacted fiscal amount",
    "location": {"name": "Texas", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31.0, "lon": -99.0, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Texas Department of Agriculture statement", "url": "https://texasagriculture.gov/News-Events/News-Events-Details/Article/10742/Commissioner-Miller-Calls-Upon-State-and-Federal-Legislators-to-Protect-Vital-F"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "ercot-february-2026-queue",
    "date": "2026-03-17",
    "dateLabel": "March 17, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "consequences",
    "title": "ERCOT reports a 232 GW large-load request queue",
    "summary": "ERCOT’s February monthly report said more than 232,000 MW was in the large-load interconnection process—nearly three times the system’s 85,508 MW peak-demand record.",
    "actor": "ERCOT",
    "authority": "Monthly system and market reporting",
    "vote": "Reporting action; no vote",
    "commitment": "Continue screening projects through the large-load process.",
    "effect": "The request queue revealed the gap between proposed demand and the capacity of the existing system; requests are not completed projects or a demand forecast.",
    "verification": "verified-request-queue",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Grid interconnection requests",
    "amount": "232,000+ MW requested vs. 85,508 MW record peak",
    "location": {"name": "ERCOT region", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31, "lon": -99, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide system"},
    "sources": [{"title": "ERCOT Monthly, February 2026", "url": "https://www.ercot.com/files/docs/2026/03/17/ERCOT-Monthly-February-2026-FINAL.pdf"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "meta-el-paso-expanded",
    "date": "2026-03-26",
    "dateLabel": "March 26, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "scale",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Meta raises the El Paso plan above $10 billion",
    "summary": "Meta said the campus would officially grow to 1 GW and support more than 300 operating jobs when complete.",
    "actor": "Meta",
    "authority": "Corporate expansion",
    "vote": "Not a new legislative vote",
    "commitment": "More than $10 billion, 4,000 construction jobs at peak and closed-loop cooling that uses no operational water for most of the year.",
    "effect": "A project announced five months earlier increased in stated scale by more than sixfold.",
    "verification": "verified-company-report",
    "sourceClass": "primary-company",
    "company": "Meta",
    "incentiveType": "Expansion",
    "amount": ">$10B; 1 GW",
    "location": {"name": "El Paso", "scope": "city", "lat": 31.7619, "lon": -106.4850, "countyFips": "48141", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Meta El Paso announcement and March update", "url": "https://about.fb.com/news/2025/10/metas-new-ai-optimized-data-center-el-paso/"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "blanco-groundwater-resolution",
    "date": "2026-04-16",
    "dateLabel": "April 16, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "consequences",
    "title": "A groundwater district asks for new industrial-siting powers",
    "summary": "The Blanco-Pedernales Groundwater Conservation District adopted a resolution asking the Legislature for authority to connect industrial siting and permitting to groundwater availability.",
    "actor": "Blanco-Pedernales Groundwater Conservation District",
    "authority": "Groundwater-district resolution and legislative request",
    "vote": "Adopted; numerical tally not stated in the retrieved resolution",
    "commitment": "Seek impact assessments, reporting, non-potable sourcing requirements and emergency moratorium authority.",
    "effect": "A local water authority documented tools it said it did not yet possess; the resolution requests law, it does not create the requested powers.",
    "verification": "verified-request-not-enacted",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Groundwater policy request",
    "amount": "No fiscal amount",
    "location": {"name": "Blanco County", "scope": "county", "lat": 30.0977, "lon": -98.4214, "countyFips": "48031", "precision": "county centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Blanco-Pedernales GCD Resolution 20260416-1", "url": "https://www.blancogroundwatertx.gov/files/b440668e9/RESOLUTION+NO.+20260416-1.pdf"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "red-oak-high-tech-park",
    "date": "2026-05-11",
    "dateLabel": "May 11, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "Red Oak approves an 828.8-acre high-tech industrial park and abatement",
    "summary": "The city considered a zoning change and a tax-abatement agreement as residents objected to another data-center-scale development.",
    "actor": "Red Oak City Council",
    "authority": "Zoning and Texas Tax Code Chapter 312",
    "vote": "4–1, as reported; official agenda confirms the actions presented",
    "commitment": "The official agenda names H&H Capital Acquisitions LLC and a planned high-tech industrial park; the published agenda does not quantify the abatement.",
    "effect": "The same local tools that recruited earlier projects were now being used amid organized opposition.",
    "verification": "primary-agenda; vote-secondary",
    "sourceClass": "mixed",
    "company": "H&H Capital Acquisitions LLC",
    "incentiveType": "Zoning and Chapter 312 tax abatement",
    "amount": "Not quantified in the reviewed agenda",
    "location": {"name": "Red Oak", "scope": "city", "lat": 32.5176, "lon": -96.8044, "countyFips": "48139", "precision": "city centroid"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "Red Oak City Council agenda", "url": "https://www.redoaktx.org/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/3526"},
      {"title": "CBS Texas report on the vote", "url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/red-oak-community-fight-against-another-data-center-getting-approved-north-texas/"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "hill-county-moratorium",
    "date": "2026-05-12",
    "dateLabel": "May 12, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "Hill County approves a one-year construction moratorium",
    "summary": "Commissioners paused data-center construction to assess water, noise, light, road and neighborhood effects.",
    "actor": "Hill County Commissioners Court",
    "authority": "County commissioners-court order 2026-5154",
    "vote": "3–2: Brassell, Holcomb and Crumpton yes; Hawkins and Lake no",
    "commitment": "A one-year pause for study and mitigation rules.",
    "effect": "A county tried to slow development after projects had arrived, testing the limits of county authority.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Local moratorium",
    "amount": "One year",
    "location": {"name": "Hill County", "scope": "county", "lat": 32.0093, "lon": -97.1306, "countyFips": "48217", "precision": "county centroid"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "Hill County May 12 minutes", "url": "https://www.co.hill.tx.us/upload/page/7613/docs/CCMinutes/2026/CC%20Minutes%20May%2012%202026.pdf"},
      {"title": "Hill County court brief", "url": "https://www.co.hill.tx.us/upload/template/28749/docs/CC%202026/Commissioners%20Court%20Agenda%20May%2012%202026.pdf"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "hill-county-rescinds",
    "date": "2026-06-04",
    "dateLabel": "June 4, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "Hill County rescinds its moratorium after a lawsuit",
    "summary": "The county replaced the pause with new review requirements after a developer challenged the moratorium’s legality.",
    "actor": "Hill County Commissioners Court",
    "authority": "County commissioners-court order",
    "vote": "Vote not transcribed in this release",
    "commitment": "The county shifted from a blanket pause toward review requirements.",
    "effect": "The episode exposed the gap between local concern and the regulatory authority available to counties.",
    "verification": "verified-date; details-mixed",
    "sourceClass": "mixed",
    "company": "Related Companies / Belltown Power Texas",
    "incentiveType": "Local regulatory response",
    "amount": "Moratorium rescinded",
    "location": {"name": "Hill County", "scope": "county", "lat": 32.0093, "lon": -97.1306, "countyFips": "48217", "precision": "county centroid"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "Hill County June 4 minutes", "url": "https://www.co.hill.tx.us/upload/page/7613/docs/CCMinutes/2026/CC%20Minutes%20June%204%202026.pdf"},
      {"title": "Texas Tribune report", "url": "https://www.texastribune.org/2026/06/05/texas-hill-county-moratorium-rescinded-data-centers/"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "abbott-directive",
    "date": "2026-06-10",
    "dateLabel": "June 10, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "Governor Abbott directs PUC and ERCOT to shield ratepayers",
    "summary": "The governor ordered actions on connection costs and transmission charges, and pledged 2027 legislation on water, reporting, noise, setbacks and incentive repeal.",
    "actor": "Governor Greg Abbott",
    "authority": "Executive directive to PUC and ERCOT; legislative agenda pledge",
    "vote": "No legislative vote; several items remain proposals",
    "commitment": "Require data centers to fund needed connection infrastructure; pursue water-efficient cooling and phase out incentives in the next session.",
    "effect": "The state’s political framing turned from recruitment to cost containment and community safeguards.",
    "verification": "directive-and-pledge",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Executive directive and proposed policy reversal",
    "amount": "No appropriation stated",
    "location": {"name": "Texas", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31.0, "lon": -99.0, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "Governor’s directive letter", "url": "https://gov.texas.gov/uploads/files/press/Thomas_Gleeson_Pablo_Vegas_Data_Centers_Directive_Letter_to_PUC_ERCOT_FINAL.pdf"},
      {"title": "Office of the Governor release", "url": "https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor-abbott-directs-puc-and-ercot-to-shield-texans-from-data-center-infrastructure-costs"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ercot-batch-zero",
    "date": "2026-06-18",
    "dateLabel": "June 18, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "grid",
    "title": "PUC approves ERCOT’s Batch Zero process",
    "summary": "ERCOT began grouping qualified projects of 75 MW or more into a single transmission study instead of evaluating each request in isolation.",
    "actor": "Public Utility Commission of Texas and ERCOT",
    "authority": "PUC approval of ERCOT Planning Guide Revision Request 145",
    "vote": "PUC approval; body tally not listed on the ERCOT summary",
    "commitment": "Classify applicants in August 2026 and deliver a final transmission plan in fall 2027.",
    "effect": "The grid operator acknowledged a request queue larger than the existing Texas system and changed how it screens the boom.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Grid planning rule",
    "amount": "438,000+ MW requested; nearly 89% data centers",
    "location": {"name": "ERCOT region", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31.0, "lon": -99.0, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide system"},
    "sources": [
      {"title": "ERCOT Batch Zero release", "url": "https://www.ercot.com/news/release/06182026-puct-approves-ercots"},
      {"title": "ERCOT PGRR145 record", "url": "https://www.ercot.com/mktrules/issues/PGRR145"}
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "archer-county-denial",
    "date": "2026-06-22",
    "dateLabel": "June 22, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "local",
    "title": "Archer County rejects a proposed data-center abatement",
    "summary": "County commissioners unanimously denied Dynamo Ventures LLC’s request for a tax abatement; local reporting linked the prospective project to future Google infrastructure.",
    "actor": "Archer County Commissioners Court",
    "authority": "County property-tax-abatement authority",
    "vote": "Unanimous denial; numerical tally not reported",
    "commitment": "No abatement agreement was approved; the company could still pursue a project without it.",
    "effect": "A county used its discretion to withhold a local incentive rather than block development outright.",
    "verification": "verified-by-local-report; official-minutes-link-pending",
    "sourceClass": "secondary-local-news",
    "company": "Dynamo Ventures LLC",
    "incentiveType": "Tax-abatement denial",
    "amount": "Requested terms not specified",
    "location": {"name": "Archer County", "scope": "county", "lat": 33.615, "lon": -98.687, "countyFips": "48009", "precision": "county centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "NewsChannel 6 report on Archer County vote", "url": "https://www.newschannel6now.com/2026/06/22/archer-county-commissioners-deny-tax-abatement-proposed-data-center/"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "abbott-rural-ban-call",
    "date": "2026-06-30",
    "dateLabel": "June 30, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "Abbott calls for prohibiting data centers in rural Texas neighborhoods",
    "summary": "At a Bullard campaign event, Abbott said data centers should be barred from rural neighborhoods and reiterated that projects should bring their own money, power and reusable water.",
    "actor": "Governor Greg Abbott",
    "authority": "Public policy statement",
    "vote": "Policy proposal; no statewide prohibition enacted by the cutoff",
    "commitment": "Seek a rural-neighborhood prohibition and the safeguards outlined in the June 10 directive.",
    "effect": "The statement went further than the June directive in rhetoric, but it did not itself change Texas law or local zoning authority.",
    "verification": "verified-reported-statement; proposal-only",
    "sourceClass": "secondary-reporting",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Proposed siting restriction",
    "amount": "No enacted fiscal amount",
    "location": {"name": "Bullard, Smith County", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 32.13988, "lon": -95.32023, "countyFips": "48423", "precision": "statement location"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Texas Tribune report on Abbott's Bullard statement", "url": "https://www.texastribune.org/2026/06/30/texas-abbott-data-center-development-ban-rural-communities/"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "nprr1308-approved",
    "date": "2026-07-09",
    "dateLabel": "July 9, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "grid",
    "title": "PUC approves ride-through rules for large computational loads",
    "summary": "NPRR 1308 defined a Large Computational Load in ERCOT’s protocols as part of a broader ride-through reliability package.",
    "actor": "Public Utility Commission of Texas and ERCOT",
    "authority": "ERCOT Nodal Protocol Revision Request 1308",
    "vote": "PUC motion passed; tally not listed",
    "commitment": "The approved definition and related requirements would take effect August 1.",
    "effect": "Data-center-scale computing became a named load category in ERCOT protocols.",
    "verification": "verified",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Grid reliability protocol",
    "amount": "Technical rule; no fiscal amount",
    "location": {"name": "ERCOT region", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31.0, "lon": -99.0, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide system"},
    "sources": [{"title": "ERCOT NPRR1308 record", "url": "https://www.ercot.com/mktrules/issues/NPRR1308"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "diode-withdrawal",
    "date": "2026-07-23",
    "dateLabel": "July 23, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "projects",
    "title": "Diode withdraws its proposed Cedar Creek Lake project",
    "summary": "The developer told Henderson County it would not pursue the project; the governor framed the withdrawal as a response to his June standards.",
    "actor": "Diode and Governor Greg Abbott",
    "authority": "Corporate withdrawal; gubernatorial public pressure",
    "vote": "No legislative vote",
    "commitment": "The project would not proceed near Cedar Creek Lake.",
    "effect": "A proposed project exited after the state’s public posture changed; the record does not prove the directive was the sole cause.",
    "verification": "verified-withdrawal; causation-not-established",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "Diode",
    "incentiveType": "Project withdrawal",
    "amount": "Project withdrawn",
    "location": {"name": "Henderson County", "scope": "county", "lat": 32.2113, "lon": -95.8537, "countyFips": "48213", "precision": "county centroid"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Office of the Governor withdrawal release", "url": "https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/east-texas-data-center-withdraws-after-falling-short-of-governor-abbotts-standards"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "nprr1308-effective",
    "date": "2026-08-01",
    "dateLabel": "August 1, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "grid",
    "title": "The Large Computational Load protocol definition takes effect",
    "summary": "ERCOT’s approved protocol revision became effective, formalizing a distinct computational-load category in market rules.",
    "actor": "ERCOT",
    "authority": "ERCOT Nodal Protocols",
    "vote": "PUC approval recorded July 9",
    "commitment": "Apply the approved definition and related reliability framework.",
    "effect": "The grid rulebook now names the kind of load at the center of the boom.",
    "verification": "effective",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Grid reliability protocol",
    "amount": "Technical rule; no fiscal amount",
    "location": {"name": "ERCOT region", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31.0, "lon": -99.0, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide system"},
    "sources": [{"title": "ERCOT NPRR1308 record", "url": "https://www.ercot.com/mktrules/issues/NPRR1308"}]
  },
  {
    "id": "abbott-comprehensive-audit",
    "date": "2026-08-03",
    "dateLabel": "August 3, 2026",
    "datePrecision": "day",
    "chapter": "reckoning",
    "lane": "state",
    "title": "Abbott orders a comprehensive audit before queued data centers move forward",
    "summary": "The governor directed PUC and ERCOT to verify every data center in the interconnection process before it advances and to deny a grid connection to projects that fail applicable requirements.",
    "actor": "Governor Greg Abbott",
    "authority": "Executive directive to PUC and ERCOT",
    "vote": "Executive action; no legislative vote",
    "commitment": "Collect project-level information on public assistance, power, water, cooling, community protections and controlling ownership before progression.",
    "effect": "The June standards became a project-by-project audit gate for the queue; the release did not report that every queued project had been reviewed or denied.",
    "verification": "verified-official-directive",
    "sourceClass": "primary-government",
    "company": "",
    "incentiveType": "Interconnection audit and compliance gate",
    "amount": "474+ GW of requests cited; approximately 90% attributed to data centers",
    "location": {"name": "Texas", "scope": "statewide", "lat": 31.0, "lon": -99.0, "countyFips": "", "precision": "statewide"},
    "sources": [{"title": "Office of the Governor comprehensive audit directive", "url": "https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor-abbott-directs-comprehensive-data-center-audit"}]
  }
]